Quantum Units Education®

Introduction

1. Almost everywhere, youth homicide rates are substantially lower among females than among males, suggesting that being a male is a strong demographic risk factor.

2. The problem of firearm death is most serious among which of the following?

3. Adults are more likely to be exposed to violence and crime than are children.

4. Which of the following factors correlates with increased violence in countries around the world?

5. Protective factors, also referred to as buffering factors:

6. Violence is predicted both by the presence of risk factors and also by the absence of protective factors.

7. Which of the following family risk factors are common across the developmental stages of childhood and increase the risk of violence?

8. Because there are so many common predictors of violence, it is impossible to concentrate prevention efforts on particular determinants.

Individual-Level Factors Related to Violence

9. There is ample scientific evidence that “mind” and “body” are inseparable, with most symptoms of illness or wellness clearly evident in physiological markers, as well as in subjective appraisals of well-being.

10. Wellness is the absence of illness.

11. Which of the following has been found to be predictive of suicide attempts among adults?

12. While mental illness confers only a small amount of additional risk for violence perpetration, research suggests that emotion dysregulation, especially _____, increases the risk of aggression.

13. Several therapeutic interventions that have been shown to reduce violence include cognitive behavioral therapy components.

14. Mental health conditions are associated with a large increase in the risk for violence perpetration.

15. Mental health conditions are associated with a substantial increase in the risk of being a victim of violence, including suicide.

16. Adequate sleep is associated with:

17. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health found that youth reporting less than _____ hours of sleep a night were more likely to engage in violent delinquent behavior, even after controlling for potentially confounding factors such as depression, impulsivity, parenting behaviors, and spending the night away from home without permission.

18. A cross-sectional study of elementary school students found that sleepiness was associated with all of the following, except for:

19. Studies focusing specifically on adolescents have linked sleep problems with:

20. Youth with inadequate sleep are more likely to act impulsively and misperceive risk.

21. The connection between the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex is less engaged among individuals who have been sleep-deprived, suggesting that lack of sleep can impair an individual’s ability to respond appropriately to distressing situations.

22. Inadequate sleep is associated with diminished problem-solving skills and impulse control, two things that increase the risk of violence.

23. Researchers found that adolescents who began drinking before age _____ were 18% more likely to bully others when compared to their non-drinking peers.

24. A study using ADD Health data to examine the association between adolescent drinking and violence involving a weapon or resulting in the victim needing medical care, found that binge drinking increases the risk of which of the following?

25. Because problem drinking is a risk factor for violence, substance abuse treatment can be thought of as violence prevention.

26. The most effective outpatient interventions to treat alcohol abuse among adolescents include which of the following?

27. Self-regulation is found to be negatively linked to which of the following violent outcomes?

28. When do attributions become problematic?

29. Social information processing difficulties are linked to later antisocial and externalizing behaviors.

30. All of the following risk factors for hostile attributions have emerged, except for:

31. Children who have difficulties understanding their own emotions and how others experience emotion tend to make hostile attributes and have a hard time understanding that others’ emotional reactions may differ from their own.

32. Central to hostile attributions is misperceived intent of others’ social cues, at the basis of which is:

33. Key factors in protecting against negative social information processing include:

Family-Level Factors Related to Violence

34. All of the following are major distinctions between adult and teen relationship violence, except for:

35. Qualitative research has found that adolescent boys may be more likely to be violent in private than in front of friends.

36. Young men’s perpetration of TDV, compared to young women, is more strongly associated with all of the following, except:

37. Participation in which of the following is associated with an increased likelihood of perpetrating TDV among males?

38. Adolescents involved in violent romantic relationships during adolescence are at increased risk of being involved in violent intimate partner relationships as adults.

39. Which of the following is often committed as a last resort for victims of IPV seeking to escape from their abusers?

40. Literature suggests that children’s exposure to which of the following is more likely to yield the most severe and extensive adjustment problems in children?

41. Meta-analysis of the literature on IPV find that factors for perpetration include:

42. If the parents’ behavior leads to anti-social behavior on the part of the child, it can increase IPV risk.

43. One of the strongest malleable risk factors for IPV is:

44. Boys and girls born to teen mothers are both at risk of which of the following?

45. All of the following are family process characteristics that are directly associated with the development of violent behaviors, except for:

46. Oppositional defiant disorder in the early childhood years may lead to antisocial behavior later in childhood.

47. Parenting that is which of the following during childhood is a strong predictor of adult criminality?

48. Studies suggest that males who experience abuse and trauma are more vulnerable to developing violent behaviors compared with girls.

49. Which of the following is associated with children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors and general psychopathology?

50. Because research finds that children from homes experiencing family violence are likely to display externalizing behaviors, conduct and oppositional defiant disorder, and aggressive interactions with peers and that parenting practices can buffer the effects of family violence, the abusive parent can benefit from selective preventive parenting interventions.

School-Level Factors Related to Violence

51. Bullying is both a form of violence in and of itself, as well as a risk factor for other more-serious forms of violence.

52. Ample research demonstrates that bullying is linked to decreased academic achievement, depression and anxiety, and substance use as well as more violent outcomes of suicide, criminality, and violence towards others for which of the following?

53. Although both boys and girls use social aggression, boys tend to utilize proportionally more social bullying than other forms.

54. National statistics indicate that _____ students are more likely to experience bullying victimization than all other groups.

55. Which of the following is an individual risk factor for bullying perpetration?

56. Which of the following family characteristics is linked to increased bullying perpetration?

57. Emerging research suggests that those who are not the most popular, but are on the verge of becoming so, are the most likely to engage in bullying behavior, suggesting that bullying may actually play a social function in their peer networks.

58. Friendships, and the quality thereof, influence antisocial and violent behavior.

59. Lack of close friendships and other relationships, particularly among girls, has been linked to violent behaviors, such as drug use, suicide, or violence towards others.

60. Homophily is related to:

61. School connectedness is thought to foster positive outcomes and demote negative outcomes through:

62. Those who completed high-school have lower rates of crime, arrests, and incarceration compared to high-school dropouts.

63. Which of the following components of school climate refers to indicators that bind the school community together, such as relationships among and between students, parents, and staff, respect for diversity, and participation in school activities?

64. Positive school climate, in and of itself, is a protective factor for various outcomes, including violent outcomes, but this relation is bidirectional such that various outcomes and behaviors also shape school climate.

Community and Societal-Level Factors Related to Violence

65. One neighborhood characteristic that may act as a protective factor against violence by residents and visitors, including police, even in disadvantaged neighborhoods, is:

66. The basis for neighborhood efficacy appears to be trust, shared values and expectations, along with networks and collective action.

67. High gun availability alone explains the high rate of gun related deaths in the U.S.

68. Research suggests that violent media has a universal impact, regardless of age, sex, and trait aggression, on violent behavior and violence-related outcomes.

Intervention Approaches by Sector

69. Not only can schools work toward improving issues related to violence from the school and classroom level, but given their regular interactions with children and their families, schools are in a unique position to address individual correlates of violence and engage caregivers.

70. Which of the following is an individual characteristic that the education sector can serve to address?

71. All of the following are key roles of the health sector, except for:

72. Which of the following explains how substance abuse has a generational effect on violence?

73. In recent years, the health sector has been included in the prevention of child maltreatment.  This is promising because children are bound to have contact with health professionals at least once a year during a child wellness visit.

74. There is promising evidence to suggest that screening for child abuse among the children of adults who present in an Emergency Room with problems related to which of the following can be an effective way to identify children at risk for maltreatment?

75. The AAP recommends that pediatricians screen mothers for postpartum depression at all of the following, except:

Discussion, Conclusions, and Suggestions for Research

76. Substantial research on child development has identified factors that will undermine child well-being, including:

77. Despite the media emphasis on mental health issues as a major cause of violence, research indicates that mental health problems are only infrequently a cause of violence and are more often associated with an increased risk of victimization.

78. Parent mental health can represent a risk factor for children if parents are unable to build positive relationships and provide consistent positive parenting.

79. Unplanned childbearing is a predictor of delinquency, crime, and gang violence.

80. A lack of self-regulation can result in bullying and being a bully can mean that a child isn’t accepted by prosocial peers, so they fall in with antisocial peers such that self-regulation is further undermined.