Quantum Units Education®

Executive Summary

1. Racial and ethnic differences in program participation automatically indicate a disparity.

2. Child welfare system scholars conclude that researchers need all of the following pieces of information to best detect disproportionality by race and ethnicity, except for:

3. Controlling for characteristics such as age, education, and family size, most studies find that Hispanics are more likely to receive child care subsidies than other racial groups.

4. Which of the following enroll in Head Start at a lower rate?

5. Although most of the differences only last until the end of kindergarten, studies have shown that _____ children experience the most social-emotional gains in attentiveness, parent and peer interactions, and relationships with teachers.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Human Services

6. Even policies and practices that are, by all appearances, neutral can deepen existing disparities.

7. All of the following are elective programs, meaning they may be available to those who meet the eligibility criteria and choose to use the resources, except for:

8. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families is federally time-limited to:

9. According to the Differences Versus Disparities in the Health Care System figure, all of the following are disparities, except for:

Research on Racial and Ethnic Disparities

10. All of the following are goals of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, except for:

11. Studies have found that sanctioned families have a 50% higher risk of food insecurity and 90% higher risk of an emergency room visit.

12. The racial and ethnic differences in the risk of being sanctioned disappear once the researchers adjust for participant-level controls, such as marital and employment status, education, age of children, age of client, citizenship, and disability status.

13. African American respondents in the Wisconsin Works program were twice as likely as whites to be drug tested, were offered worse shifts, and reported more negative experiences with the program because the employers likely believed stereotypes that African Americans are:

14. Sanction rates may be lower in places where disproportionately affected populations also have political power.

15. Women who live in counties with persistent poverty are more likely to be sanctioned.

16. Caseworkers often make decisions about sanctioning and discretionary assistance, meaning that biases can affect sanctioning outcomes.

17. All of the following can serve as discrediting markers, a phenomenon that may trigger caseworker biases, except for:

18. It was found that sanctions occur most often for quitting or not going to a job.

19. Research has shown that TANF programs that do not include subsistence practices like _____ in their work definitions disadvantage American Indian and Alaska Native populations and can lead to unfair sanctioning.

20. The literature on TANF outcomes suggest that _____ women are the group most likely to exhaust their time on welfare.

21. Compared to non-Hispanic white leavers, more African American leavers return to welfare within one year unless they have more education and work experience and fewer young children.

22. Child support agencies help custodial-parent families do all of the following, except:

23. Recent statistics show that _____ custodial parents have the highest rate of child support orders.

24. Nonwhite, young mothers who had never been married were more likely to report all of the following reasons for not pursuing child support, except for:

25. Child support cannot be enforced without paternity establishment.

26. Unmarried fathers cannot have visitation and custody rights without legal paternity establishment.

27. Fathers who establish paternity are more likely to pay child support and spend more time with their children.

28. White custodial mothers are more likely to report “paternity not established” as the reason for not having a child support order.

29. Studies have shown that noncustodial parents are less likely to comply when orders are set at more than _____ of their income.

30. Child support accounts for over half of custodial parents’ income in families with incomes below the federal poverty level who receive the order amount in full.

31. Studies have found that the poorest noncustodial parents owe the most debt.

32. Researchers have simulated eligibility by race for child care subsidies using state eligibility guidelines and found that the highest proportion of eligible mothers are:

33. Controlling for characteristics such as age, education, and family size, most studies have found that _____ are more likely than other racial groups to receive child care subsidies.

34. Families who receive subsidies are more likely to have greater access to child care that is more affordable and of higher quality than eligible families with similar characteristics not receiving subsidies.

35. _____ households, on average, have a higher proportion of centers in their communities serving children under age 3.

36. Families using subsidized child care are more likely to use:

37. Hispanic households rated relative or friend care higher than African American and non-Hispanic white households.

38. Which of the following are most likely to use relative care over center-based care?

39. Which of the following mothers are more likely to remain out of the paid labor force while their children are young, therefore reducing the need for child care arrangements?

40. Relative to white families, being _____ is associated with a higher probability of exit from subsidies.

41. Studies have found that families receiving child care subsidies have all of the following, except:

42. Among low-income African American children, early entry into child care predicted:

43. Nationally, _____ have the highest percentage of eligible children enrolled in Head Start.

44. The Head Start staff may overlook _____ students’ need for special education because of language barriers and high levels of obedience mask disabilities.

45. A randomized control trial of sexual risk avoidance and reduction programs prior to the enactment of the Sexual Risk Avoidance Education Program found that risk avoidance programs delayed sexual initiation of _____ students.