Quantum Units Education®

Introduction

1. Experiencing 4 or more ACES dramatically increases the odds of an individual being all of the following, except:

2. Caregiver support, including which of the following, is believed to serve a protective or buffering role for the impact of stressors on children?

3. All of the following are occurrences of chronic stress, which may have detrimental effects on the brain and behavior, except for:

4. Stressors that may induce toxic stress responses include:

5. Acute trauma can have chronic effects if consequences are long-lasting.

6. Chronic hyper-stimulation of the stress system has chemically toxic effects on brain regions involved with all of the following, except:

7. Adverse conditions that are unpredictable, or over which individuals have insufficient control to ameliorate them, may be especially toxic.

8. Stress may impact self-regulation development through the psychology of scarcity, where all of the following scarcities interfere with self-regulation because of the ‘mental bandwith’ consumed by these pressing concerns, except for:

Findings

9. All of the following have been found for rats whose mothers were exposed to stressful conditions while they were gestating (prenatal stress), except for:

10. In rats, stress in adolescence leads to physiological and behavioral changes in adulthood that are consistent with impaired stress response and increased activity in areas of the brain that are involved in:

11. Several studies suggest that a relatively short burst of stress, if traumatic enough, can have long lasting effects on which of the following?

12. Long after an original stressor is taken away, exposure to high levels of stress can do which of the following?

13. Rodents’ exposure to nicotine in adolescence and to prolonged stress each have a negative impact on their goal-oriented behavior, but the combined effects of nicotine and stress are less harmful than the sum of the two independent effects.

14. There is evidence that stress may turn toxic for female rodents more quickly than for males.

15. Experimentally manipulating which specific brain region involved in self-regulation impacts the behavioral and biochemical effects of environmental stressors, and in turn, stress also affects the function of this same brain region?

16. The effects of different doses of stress hormones has been shown to vary based on underlying genetic differences in brain chemistry.

17. When adolescent-stress-then-standard-cage rats were compared with the control group, it was found that the brains of the adolescent-stressed rats had been rewired, that the biochemistry of their stress had been altered, and that their behavior was affected in a manner that might be viewed as homologous with which of the following in humans?

18. Rodent studies link stress to aggression, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which may reflect a lack of behavioral self-regulation, as well as to attention, planning, and emotional regulation.

19. The relationship between childhood stress or trauma and brain structure and functioning have been observed in older adults and in children, where such findings correlate with social problems in everyday life.

20. Relative to those whose parents report higher socioeconomic status, children of lower socioeconomic status do not demonstrate differences in volume in areas of the brain involved in social-emotional processing and cognitive control.

21. Adults who are prone to risky behavior tend to display the kind of blunted stress response that is consistent with the toxic effects of:

22. Those with a history of maltreatment or exposure to a parent’s intimate partner violence have been observed to be less effective at all of the following, except:

23. Young adults whose parents are assessed by external observers to be more “controlling” and less “warm” have been observed to be less effective at emotion regulation.

24. Among low-income children, all of the following have been found to predict emotion regulation and delay of gratification, except for:

25. If a mother’s stress response is activated while she is with her infant, the infant’s stress system activates in parallel.

26. Which of the following were found to be true?

27. Which of the following predict changes in child adjustment?

28. Poverty and neighborhood disadvantage are associated with failures in behavioral regulation, including impulsivity and risk-taking, with effects seen as early as:

29. Parent-reported food insecurity predicted all of the following, except:

30. It is suggested that the risk of experiencing trauma, and therefore PTSD, is higher for children than for either adolescents or adults.

31. Which of the following are associated with diagnoses of ADHD or ODD?

32. Risk of ADHD appears to be higher for girls who are maltreated compared to those who are not, whereas the opposite may be true for boys.

33. Behavioral effects of harsh parenting appear to vary by sex, with girls who experience harsh parenting at higher risk of externalizing problem behaviors and boys who experience harsh parenting at higher risk for internalizing.

34. Informal mentoring by other adults may be protective in young adults who have low parental support.

Summary and Implications

35. Self-regulation interventions should attend to chronic stressors that can add up to produce toxic effects such as living in poverty, experiencing maltreatment, or having multiple adverse childhood experiences.