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1. Which of the following describes a primary mechanism by which pathogens become resistant to antimicrobials?
A. Pathogens develop new cell processes entirely different from the drug's target.
B. Pathogens increase the number of drug entryways into the cell.
C. Pathogens decrease genetic mutation rates to prevent drug binding.
D. Pathogens fortify their cell walls to prevent drug entry.
2. During the COVID-19 pandemic, what impact did the delay in data collection have on understanding antimicrobial resistance?
A. It resulted in a significant underestimation of emergent antimicrobial-resistant infections.
B. It led to an immediate reduction in resistance due to reduced pathogen transmission.
C. It provided an opportunity for increased funding for resistance research.
D. It caused delays in updating clinical guidelines for treating resistant infections.
3. What characteristic makes Candida auris challenging to eliminate in healthcare settings?
A. Candida auris forms a hardy biofilm that resists most disinfectants.
B. Candida auris mutations create new antifungal targets.
C. Candida auris can survive indefinitely on organic surfaces.
D. Candida auris develops new antifungal resistance in response to any treatment.
4. What nursing action can best help decrease the risk of antimicrobial-resistant infections in healthcare settings?
A. Encouraging the use of a broad spectrum antibiotic therapy for infections.
B. Strictly adhering to infection control and prevention protocols.
C. Increasing the frequency of routine lab testing to catch infections sooner.
D. Using antiseptic hand sanitizer exclusively over handwashing.
5. Which factor most significantly increases the risk of a Clostridioides difficile infection after antibiotic therapy?
A. The use of short-duration antibiotic courses.
B. The combination of ribosomal targeting antibiotics.
C. The disruption of gut microbiome diversity induced by antibiotic use.
D. The consumption of antibiotics that protect against viral infections.
6. Which of the following statements about Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infection diagnosis is accurate?
A. C. diff is diagnosed solely based on the presence of diarrhea.
B. Positive laboratory tests for C. diff toxins confirm colonization, not infection.
C. Recurrent C. diff infections are considered if symptoms reappear within 4-12 weeks of treatment.
D. C. diff diagnosis includes three or more episodes of diarrhea in 24 hours with positive lab tests for toxins.
7. What is the primary mechanism through which Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) exhibits resistance?
A. Alteration of binding sites for antibiotics.
B. Production of the carbapenemase enzyme.
C. Overproduction of efflux pumps.
D. Formation of biofilms to resist antibiotic penetration.
8. How did the COVID-19 pandemic most significantly impact antimicrobial-resistant infection management?
A. It decreased the occurrence of drug-resistant infections due to reduced healthcare facility visits.
B. It increased the challenges in diagnosis due to a shift in clinical resources.
C. It improved antibiotic stewardship practices due to heightened awareness.
D. It had no impact on the treatment modalities for drug-resistant infections.
9. Regarding the treatment guidelines for drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which of the following regimens is currently recommended?
A. Monotherapy with ciprofloxacin.
B. Combination therapy with ceftriaxone and doxycycline.
C. Intramuscular ceftriaxone alone.
D. Oral penicillin-based antibiotics.
10. What key steps should nurses focus on to mitigate the spread of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) in healthcare settings?
A. Frequent antibiotic cycling to prevent resistance.
B. Ensuring proper sterilization of medical equipment.
C. Promoting the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
D. Isolating patients with VRE infections and maintaining stringent hand hygiene.
11. Which of the following is a risk factor specifically associated with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections?
A. Individuals who have been on mechanical ventilators
B. Recent international travel to areas with poor sanitation
C. Consumption of contaminated food products
D. Individuals who have used injected drugs
12. How does Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resist the effects of beta-lactam antibiotics?
A. By utilizing efflux pumps to remove the antibiotic
B. Through the alteration of target sites
C. By expressing a penicillin-binding protein that blocks the antibiotic's action
D. By inhibiting DNA replication
13. Which of the following mechanisms contributes to the drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A. Efflux pumps and protein modifications
B. Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics
C. Change in outer membrane permeability
D. Alteration of cellular energy sources
14. What is a key reason why diagnosing drug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella can be challenging in low-resource settings?
A. Absence of effective antibiotics available for treatment
B. Laboratory testing often overlaps with other febrile diseases like malaria
C. High costs associated with medical diagnostic tests
D. Lack of clear symptoms to differentiate from other infections
15. Which prevention strategy is particularly effective in reducing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in healthcare settings?
A. Using oral antibiotics routinely for all patients
B. Screening all patients for MRSA upon admission
C. Utilizing water management plans
D. Restricting the use of beta-lactam antibiotics
16. Which of the following mechanisms is used by Group A Streptococcus to resist erythromycin treatment?
A. Efflux pumps and changes to drug-binding sites
B. Methylation modification of ribosomes
C. Genetic mutations leading to cell wall changes
D. Simple DNA mutations
17. Which pathogen has increased risk factors associated with Southeast Asia and is also connected to poverty, smoking, and malnutrition?
A. Group A Streptococcus
B. Aspergillus fumigatus
C. Drug-resistant TB
D. Mycoplasma genitalium
18. How has the COVID-19 pandemic directly impacted antimicrobial resistance according to the CDC?
A. By reducing transportation and trade, thus lowering infection rates
B. By causing a delay in antimicrobial resistance data reporting and testing
C. By increasing the development of new antibiotics
D. By leading to a drastic reduction in hospital acquisition of antimicrobial-resistant infections
19. Which option best describes a diagnostic method commonly used for detecting Aspergillus fumigatus infections?
A. Rapid strep test
B. Chest X-rays and sputum tests
C. Urine sample analysis
D. PCR and serology testing
20. What role do nurses play in managing the spread of antimicrobial-resistant infections in healthcare settings?
A. Administering all patient medications irrespective of antimicrobial stewardship principles
B. Ignoring infections to prevent alarm among patients
C. Cohorting patients, improving sanitation, and patient education
D. Encouraging patients to skip prescribed antimicrobial medication
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