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1. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the most common curable STD in young, sexually active women is:
A. Chlamydia
B. Trichomoniasis
C. Gonorrhea
D. Genital human papillomavirus (HPV)
2. Trichomoniasis is a common STD caused by the single-celled protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the disease?
A. The vagina is the most common site of infection in women, and the penis is the most common site of infection in men
B. Some women have signs or symptoms of infection which include a frothy, yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor, and the symptoms usually appear within two or three days
C. For both men and women, a health care provider must perform a physical examination and laboratory test to diagnose trichomoniasis, and the parasite is generally harder to detect in women than in men
D. Trichomoniasis can usually be cured with prescription drugs, either metronidazole or tinidazole, given by mouth in a single dose
3. In 2006 in the United States, health officials reported over 36,000 cases of syphilis, including 9,756 cases of primary and secondary syphilis. The incidence of syphilis was highest in women _________ years of age and in men _________ years of age.
A. 25 to 29; 20 to 24
B. 30 to 34; 25 to 29
C. 20 to 24; 35 to 39
D. 25 to 29; 30 to 34
4. The development of a rash on one or more areas of the body and mucous membrane lesions characterize the primary stage of syphilis.
A. True
B. False
5. Over the past several years, increases in syphilis among men who have sex with men (MSN) have been reported in various cities and areas, and in 2006, 64% of the reported syphilis cases were among MSM. In the recent outbreaks, high rates of HIV co-infection were documented, ranging from 20 percent to 70 percent, in part because genital sores caused by syphilis in adults also make it easier to transmit and acquire HIV infection sexually
A. True
B. False
6. Some STDs, such as genital herpes and bacterial vaginosis, are quite common in pregnant women in the United States. Each of the following is an accurate statement about STD’s and pregnancy EXCEPT:
A. STDs can be passed from a pregnant woman to the baby before, during, or after the baby’s birth , and some STDs like gonorrhea and chlamydia cross the placenta and infect the baby while it is in the uterus, while others, such as syphilis can be transmitted from the mother to the baby during delivery
B. A pregnant woman with an STD may also have early onset of labor, premature rupture of the membranes surrounding the baby in the uterus, and uterine infection after delivery, and harmful effects of STDs on the baby may include stillbirth, low birth weight, blindness, deafness, neurologic damage, and others
C. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis can be treated and cured with antibiotics during pregnancy, and while there is no cure for viral STDs, such as genital herpes and HIV, the use of antiviral medication may be appropriate
D. After bacterial vaginosis and herpes simplex virus 2, chlamydia and trichomoniasis are the most common STDs among pregnant wom
7. Testing and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be an effective tool in preventing the spread of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Each of the following accurately describes the connection between STDs and HIV with the exception of:
A. There is substantial biological evidence demonstrating that the presence of other STDs increases the likelihood of both transmitting and acquiring HIV, because of increased susceptibility and increased infectiousness
B. Strong STD prevention, testing, and treatment can play a vital role in comprehensive programs to prevent sexual transmission of HIV, and STD trends can offer important insights into where the HIV epidemic may grow
C. STD treatment reduces an individual’s ability to transmit HIV. Studies have shown that treating STDs in HIV-infected individuals decreases both the amount of HIV in genital secretions and how frequently HIV is found in those secretions
D. Individuals who are infected with STDs are at least one to three times more likely than uninfected individuals to acquire HIV infection if they are exposed to the virus through sexual contact
8. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a general term that refers to infection of the uterus (womb), fallopian tubes (tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus), and other reproductive organs, and it is a common and serious complication of some STDs, especially chlamydia and gonorrhea. Each of the following is an accurate statement about the occurrence of pelvic inflammatory disease EXCEPT:
A. Many different organisms can cause PID, and it occurs when bacteria move upward from a woman’s vagina or cervix into her reproductive organs
B. Sexually active women in their childbearing years are most at risk, especially those over age 25
C. A prior episode of PID increases the risk of another episode because the reproductive organs may be damaged during the initial bout of infection
D. The more sex partners a woman has the greater the risk, and a woman whose partner has more than one sex partner is at greater risk of developing PID
9. Without treatment, PID can cause permanent damage to the female reproductive organs, and about one in six women with PID becomes infertile.
A. True
B. False
10. Because of the difficulty in identifying organisms infecting the internal reproductive organs and because more than one organism may be responsible for an episode of PID, PID is usually treated with at least two antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of infectious agents.
A. True
B. False
11. Gonorrhea is an STD that is caused by a bacterium that can grow and multiply easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and in the urethra in women and men. Which of the following most accurately describes the occurrence and signs and symptoms of gonorrhea?
A. CDC estimates that more than 800,000 persons in the U.S. get new gonorrheal infections each year, and that in 2006, the rate of reported gonorrheal infections was 110 per 100,000 persons
B. In the United States, the highest reported rates of infection are among sexually active teenagers and men who have sex with men
C. Most women who are infected have no symptoms, but if they do have them, symptoms can be so non-specific as to be mistaken for a bladder or vaginal infection
D. Some men with gonorrhea may have no symptoms at all, but some men have signs or symptoms that appear four to six days after infection, or that can take as long as 20 days to appear
12. In men, gonorrhea can cause a painful condition of the ducts attached to the testicles that may lead to infertility if left untreated, and this condition is known as:
A. Papillomatosis
B. Epididymitis
C. Treponemasis
D. None of the above
13. Although most people with genital human papillomavirus (HPV) do not develop symptoms or health problems, sometimes, certain types of HPV can cause genital warts in men and women. and other HPV types can cause cervical cancer and other less common cancers, such as cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, and penis.
A. True
B. False
14. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the frequency of HPV and related diseases?
A. Approximately 20 million Americans are currently infected with HPV, another 6.2 million people become newly infected each year, and at least 50% of sexually active men and women acquire genital HPV infection at some point in their lives
B. About 3% of sexually active adults in the U.S. have genital warts at any one time
C. The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2008, 15,060 women would be diagnosed with cervical cancer and 1,540 men would be diagnosed with penile and other male genital cancers
D. All of the above
15. Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2), and at least 45 million people ages 12 and older, or one out of five adolescents and adults, have had genital HSV infection. Each of the following is a correct statement about genital herpes EXCEPT:
A. Generally, a person can only get HSV-2 infection during sexual contact with someone who has a genital HSV-2 infection, but transmission can occur from an infected partner who does not have a visible sore and may not know that he or she is infected
B. People diagnosed with a first episode of genital herpes can expect to have several (typically four or five) outbreaks within a year
C. It is important that women avoid contracting herpes during pregnancy because a newly acquired infection during late pregnancy poses a greater risk of transmission to the baby, and infection of a baby from a woman with herpes infection is very common
D. There is no treatment that can cure herpes, but antiviral medications can shorten and prevent outbreaks during the period of time the person takes the medication, and daily suppressive therapy for symptomatic herpes can reduce transmission to partners
16. Health care providers can diagnose genital herpes by visual inspection if the outbreak is typical, and by taking a sample from the sore(s) and testing it in a laboratory. Additionally, HSV infections can be diagnosed between outbreaks by the use of a blood test.
A. True
B. False
17. Chlamydia is known as a “silent” STD because about half of infected women and about three quarters of infected men have no symptoms.
A. True
B. False
18. Each of the following is an accurate statement about complications resulting in untreated chlamydia EXCEPT:
A. Women infected with chlamydia are up to five times more likely to become infected with HIV, if exposed
B. Although complications among men are rare, infection sometimes spreads to the epididymis, causing pain, fever, and, rarely, sterility
C. Occasionally, genital chlamydial infection can cause arthritis that can be accompanied by skin lesions and inflammation of the eye and urethra, known as Reiter’s syndrome
D. In women, untreated infection can spread into the uterus or fallopian tubes and cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which happens in up to 30 percent of women with untreated chlamydia
19. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is the name of a condition in women where the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted and replaced by an overgrowth of certain bacteria, and it is sometimes accompanied by discharge, odor, pain, itching, or burning. Additionally, is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age.
A. True
B. False
20. Which of the following most accurately describes the causes, complications, and treatment of bacterial vaginosis?
A. BV is associated with an imbalance in the bacteria that are normally found in a woman’s vagina, and since the vagina normally contains only “good” bacteria, the presence of any harmful bacteria will likely cause BV
B. In most cases, untreated BV causes serious complications such as the increase in the development of infections and an increased likelihood of developing herpes, chlamydia and gonorrhea
C. BV is treatable with antibiotics prescribed by a health care provider and the two recommended antibiotics include erythromycin and doxycycline
D. None of the above
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