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1. Basic standards of Psychological First Aid state that principles and techniques of this approach should be consistent with research evidence related to trauma and should:
A. Be applicable and practical in field settings
B. Be appropriate for developmental levels across the lifespan
C. Be culturally informed and delivered in a flexible manner
D. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic objectives of Psychological First Aid?
A. Establish a human connection in a non-intrusive, compassionate manner
B. Encourage adults, children, and families to take a passive role in the their initial recovery
C. Provide information that may help survivors cope effectively with the psychological impact of disasters
D. Connect survivors as soon as possible to social support networks, including family members, friends, neighbors, and community helping resources
3. According to the guidelines for delivering Psychological First Aid, the goal is to reduce distress and assist with current needs while eliciting details of traumatic experiences and losses.
A. True
B. False
4. Older adults may experience disaster-related disorientation, health problems, social isolation, or feelings of helplessness that are not attributed to older-age memory or judgment problems.
A. True
B. False
5. In deciding whether or not to participate in disaster response assistance, one should consider his or her comfort level with this type of work, family and work circumstances, and _________________.
A. Current health
B. Ability to commit to time constraints
C. Experience and previous training
D. All of the above
6. Which of the following are NOT signs of acute distress?
A. Agitation and confusion
B. Extreme irritability and anger
C. Disorientation and panic
D. Hyper-vigilance and restlessness
7. Providers of Psychological First Aid must be sensitive to culture and diversity and should be aware of their values and prejudices, and how these may agree or differ with those being served.
A. True
B. False
8. The provider's first priority should be to respond to survivors who seek out help, and if a number of people approach simultaneously, he or she should make contact with as many individuals as possible.
A. True
B. False
9. If an individual declines an initial offer of help, his/her decision should be respected, but it should also be made clear how to locate a Psychological First Aid provider later.
A. True
B. False
10. Each of the following is recommended for supporting comfort and safety EXCEPT:
A. Assist survivors in connecting with others who have shared similar experiences
B. Encourage survivors to remain passive during the waiting period, since activity tends to increase stress level
C. Help survivors get current information, while avoiding exposure to information that is inaccurate or excessively upsetting
D. Connect survivors with available practical resources
11. Pale skin, weak or rapid pulse, dizziness, irregular breathing, dull or glassy eyes, unresponsiveness to communication, and lack of bladder or bowel control require immediate attention since they are likely signs of head trauma.
A. True
B. False
12. Each of the following are correct statements about acute grief reactions EXCEPT:
A. Survivors may feel sadness and anger over the death or guilt over not having been able to prevent the situation
B. Although painful to experience at first, grief reactions are healthy responses that reflect the significance of the death
C. Over time, grief reactions tend to include more pleasant thoughts and activities, such as telling positive stories about a loved one
D. Grief reactions tend to be more manageable when survivors follow a “correct” course of grieving, as recommended by a professional
13. Which of the following accurately describes how children and adolescents experience death?
A. Adolescents generally understand that death is irreversible, and losing a family member or friend can trigger rage and impulsive decisions
B. School-age children may understand the physical reality of death, but may personify death as a monster or skeleton, and may experience upsetting feelings of the “ghostlike” presence of the lost person
C. Pre-school-age children may believe that if they wish it, the person who died will return, and they may need help to realize that this is not a reality
D. All of the above
14. Although it is not necessary for the Psychological First Aid provider to share an individual's religious and spiritual beliefs/practices in order to be supportive, it is important to listen and be attentive.
A. True
B. False
15. After traumatic death, some survivors may stay focused on the circumstances of the death, and these reactions may include:
A. Intrusive, disturbing images of the death that interfere with positive remembering and reminiscing
B. Avoidance of usual activities because they are reminders of the traumatic death
C. Retreat from close relationships with family and friends
D. All of the above
16. Which of the following is NOT an accurate about how caregivers should help adolescents who are dealing with the death of a family member or close friend?
A. Parents/caretakers should understand that an adolescent’s anger can turn to rage over the loss, and be prepared to tolerate some expressions of rage
B. Although expressions of revenge that come from the adolescent need not be taken seriously, any discussion of suicide should be looked at very carefully
C. Caregivers should caution teens about risky coping behavior such as engaging in high-risk sexual behavior, using alcohol or other drugs, or acting in some other reckless way
D. The adolescents immediate concerns about their living circumstances and who will take care of them should be addressed
17. The goal of stabilization is to __________________ emotionally overwhelmed or disoriented survivors.
A. Calm and orient
B. Respect and nurture
C. Comfort and engage
D. None of the above
18. Expressions of muted emotions such as numbness, indifference, and acting “spaced-out, or confused” are especially troublesome reactions to disaster and need to be immediately addressed.
A. True
B. False
19. A provider may use a technique where individuals are asked to name five objects they can see, hear, or feel while concentrating on deep breathing, and this strategy is known as:
A. Reorienting
B. Readjusting
C. Acclimating
D. Grounding
20. Although medication it not usually necessary, it may be needed when the survivor is experiencing extreme agitation, excessive anxiety and panic, psychosis, or is dangerous to self or others.
A. True
B. False
21. Each of the following is an accurate statement about gathering information while providing Psychological First Aid EXCEPT:
A. Enough information should be gathered so that interventions can be tailored and prioritized to meet specific needs
B. Gathering and clarifying information begins immediately after contact and continues throughout Psychological First Aid
C. A formal assessment is the best way to determine the need for immediate services and referral
D. In most Psychological First Aid settings, the ability to gather information will be limited by time, survivors’ and priorities, and other factors
22. Experts believe that if survivors have extensive material losses and post-disaster adversities, their recovery may be complicated with feelings of depression, hopelessness, and ______________.
A. Demoralization
B. Insecurity
C. Anxiety
D. Apathy
23. The Psychological First Aid provider should ask for a detailed history and description of prior substance abuse, trauma, loss, and mental health problems in order to make the appropriate referral if needed.
A. True
B. False
24. Survivors can be very upset when the disaster interferes with upcoming special events, including important developmental activities, so the provider should share information about coping and assist with strategies for practical help.
A. True
B. False
25. Exposure to disaster is often accompanied by a loss of hope, but those who are likely to have more favorable outcomes are those who:
A. Have optimism about the future and confidence that life is predictable
B. Believe that they can handle the challenges they face
C. Are confident that they are valued by others
D. Have reassuring friends and family
26. Offering practical assistance is composed of four steps including each of the following EXCEPT:
A. Identifying the most immediate needs
B. Clarifying the need
C. Acting to address the need
D. Evaluating whether the need was met
27. Hugs, a listening ear, understanding, love, and acceptance are all examples of which type of support?
A. Reliable support
B. Social connection
C. Emotional support
D. Feeling needed
28. Following a disaster, some people choose not to talk about their experiences, but spending time with people one feels close to without talking still can feel good.
A. True
B. False
29. Examples of reflective comments include, “Am I right when I say that you …” and “It sounds like you're being hard on yourself.”
A. True
B. False
30. Three types of post-traumatic stress reactions that survivors may face include intrusive reactions, physical arousal reactions, and:
A. Avoidance and withdrawal reactions
B. Surrender reactions
C. Depressive reactions
D. None of the above
31. When talking with children about body and emotional reactions to trauma, it is helpful to have them directly describe their emotions, and to ask them open-ended questions.
A. True
B. False
32. Spending time with others, participating in a support group, or seeking counseling are known as ___________ coping actions.
A. Adaptive
B. Positive
C. Healthy
D. Practical
33. Specific strategies should be developed to help families cope with disasters including each of the following EXCEPT:
A. If a family member has a pre-existing emotional or behavioral problem that is worsened by the current events, strategies that they may have learned from a therapist should be implemented
B. It is especially important to assist family members in developing a mutual understanding of their different experiences, reactions, and courses of recovery
C. While establishing family is important, the priority should be setting aside time for the family to enjoy activities together rather than worrying about routines such as mealtime and bedtime
D. The Psychological First Aid provider should encourage family members to talk about things that are bothering them, so the others will know when and how to support them
34. When disasters confront adults with danger and loss, parents/caretakers often become preoccupied, and consequently, less restrictive in what they allow their children and adolescents to do.
A. True
B. False
35. The many stresses and adversities in the aftermath of a disaster may result in key interruptions, delays, or reversals in the development of children, adolescents, adults, and families.
A. True
B. False
36. To assist disaster survivors in managing their irritability and anger, the provider may:
A. Describe how feelings of anger and frustration are common to survivors after disaster
B. Emphasize that some anger is normal and even helpful, while too much can undermine what they want to do
C. Ask survivors to identify changes that they would like to make to address their anger
D. All of the above
37. After a disaster, temporary changes in sleeping arrangements with children are okay, as long as parents negotiate a plan to return to normal sleeping arrangements.
A. True
B. False
38. Examples of situations requiring a referral to collaborative services include an acute mental health problem that needs immediate attention, or ongoing difficulties with coping that are still occurring ________ or more after the disaster.
A. 2 weeks
B. 4 weeks
C. 6 weeks
D. 8 weeks
39. When referring youth to follow-up services, providers should summarize in writing basic information and communicate this to the receiving professional, in order to minimize children having to re-tell their story.
A. True
B. False
40. Before leaving a response site, a provider should introduce the survivor to other mental health, health care, family service, or relief workers, so that the survivor knows several other helpers by name.
A. True
B. False
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