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1. Alzheimer’s disease is an urgent national health priority as demonstrated by which fact:
A. It is estimated that 1.6 million to 4.3 million people in the United States have AD
B. Studies suggest that the number of people with the disease triples for every 5 year age interval beyond age 65
C. The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the 65 and older population will increase to about 72 million during the next 20 years starting with the oldest baby boomers, and as society ages, AD rates will likely rise significantly
D. Those 85 years and older will potentially quadruple their numbers of AD by 2020
2. Earlier AD diagnosis research indicates that changes in the levels of certain proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may correlate with the risk and progression of AD.
A. True
B. False
3. Mood and behavioral problems are increasingly recognized as co-occurring conditions with AD, so it is no longer merely a memory impairment disease.
A. True
B. False
4. The brain's "histone code" may be an area of future AD research because it helps determine which proteins are associated with memory impairments.
A. True
B. False
5. In Alzheimer's Disease, many neurons stop functioning, lose connections with other neurons, and die because communication, metabolism, and repair are disrupted.
A. True
B. False
6. “Early onset” AD occurs in people age 50-59, and is caused by a mutation in one of two inherited genes.
A. True
B. False
7. The limited medications used to help control AD work by increasing the action of enzymes and neurotransmitters that are known to impact behavioral disturbances.
A. True
B. False
8. The most obvious disease features seen under the microscope in brain tissue from deceased AD patients are usually:
A. Inflammation and blockage
B. Plaques and tangles
C. Cortical hot spots
D. Lewy bodies
9. Diabetes often coexists with AD in older adults, and brains of people who have died with diabetes and dementia were determined to have more neuroinflammation and micro infarcts than those with dementia alone.
A. True
B. False
10. AD affects neurons sooner and more severely in certain brain regions, particularly in the entorhinal cortext, hippocampus, and certain other cortical regions.
A. True
B. False
11. Although the brain represents only about _____ of the body weight of an average adult human, it uses about _____ of the body’s energy.
A. 1%; 22%
B. 2%; 20%
C. 3%; 18%
D. 4%; 16%
12. Significant amyloid deposition seems to occur years before clinical diagnosis of AD, which indicates that there may be a window of time in which therapeutic intervention might prevent disease progression.
A. True
B. False
13. Studies of brain changes over time suggest that there is a specific trajectory of brain changes that occurs during aging which is distinct from that occurring in AD.
A. True
B. False
14. The gene associated with late onset AD is:
A. The APP gene
B. Presenilin 1 gene
C. Presenilin 2 gene
D. Apolipoprotein E (APOE)
15. Although newly discovered disease genes are mysterious entities of unknown biological function, they can serve an important task in assisting researchers who study AD and other diseases.
A. True
B. False
16. Which of the following correctly describes how epigenetic changes may affect certain genes?
A. Epigentic modifications of genes involve changes to the genetic code
B. Environmental factors leave their mark on the genome by altering the epigenetic signature of genes
C. Unlike gene mutations, epigenetic changes cannot be passed from one cell to its daughter cells during cell division
D. All of the above
17. While previous research linked general anesthesia in surgery with an increased risk of AD later in life, recent studies indicate that there is not likely a connection.
A. True
B. False
18. A large study in a multiethnic New York community showed that people who maintained a Mediterranean diet had an 18 percent lower risk of developing Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and a 38 percent lower risk of progressing from MCI to AD.
A. True
B. False
19. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is the most the widely used screening test for dementia, but it is not sensitive to mild cognitive changes, nor is it very useful for distinguishing between AD and other forms of dementia.
A. True
B. False
20. African Americans are more likely than whites to report cognitive changes in family members during AD progression.
A. True
B. False
21. Many people with AD experience “neuropsychiatric” symptoms such as depression, irritability, and:
A. Anxiety
B. Mania
C. Dysthymia
D. Disinhibition
22. Which statement below does NOT accurately describes the development of novel therapeutic drugs?
A. The discovery of new drugs for neurological disorders is extremely challenging and very expensive
B. On average it takes more than 10 years and costs 1.35 billion from the discovery of new therapeutic target to the time a new drug receives FDA approval for use in the general population
C. At each step of the translational process of new drug approval and use there is a very high failure rate
D. A series of initiatives have been funded to increase the number of investigational new drugs that can then be tested in humans
23. Data from epidemiological studies and laboratory experiments suggests that gonadal steroid hormones (sex steroids) and their metabolites can promote neuronal health.
A. True
B. False
24. The growth factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may have potential as a therapeutic target for AD because:
A. It supports nerve cell growth and survival and promotes synaptic outgrowth and plasticity
B. BDNF may induce recovery of synapses and synaptic signaling markers and improved spatial memory
C. BDNF gene therapy has had positive effects on spatial learning and memory in aged rats and nonhuman primates
D. All of the above
25. Two trials published in 2009 support the notion that AD progression can be slowed by targeting symptoms other than memory loss, such as depression and sleep apnea.
A. True
B. False
26. Preliminary studies have shown that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), a blood product, may improve cognition which may in turn be effective in treating AD.
A. True
B. False
27. ASPREE is a primary prevention AD/MCI clinical trial that focuses on using aspirin as an intervention for:
A. People with MCI and older adults age 55-80
B. Overweight adults with MCI
C. Healthy adults age 70+
D. Adults age 55+ at high risk for cardiovascular disease
28. Clinical trials to address AD behavioral disturbances (such as apathy and agitation) included the use of each of the following EXCEPT:
A. Methylphenidate
B. Prazosin
C. Risperidone
D. Nalprote
29. Numerous research trials have demonstrated that mental fitness can be greatly increased with consistent brain exercise.
A. True
B. False
30. Clinical trials REACH I and REACH II were funded to help dementia caregivers by:
A. Educating them on dementia
B. Training in specific care giving skills
C. Encouraging techniques for physical and emotional self-care
D. All of the above
31. Preliminary research has indicated that occupational therapy may improve overall levels of _________________ in demented individuals.
A. Emotional health
B. Pleasure and engagement
C. Social interaction
D. Personal control
32. Responses to the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) resulted in large collaborative projects designed to address the multifaceted nature of aging and AD research.
A. True
B. False
33. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) was launched in 1999 with the goal of pooling and sharing data on participation in Alzheimer's Disease Centers (ADC) studies.
A. True
B. False
34. The current system of AD classification has deficiencies that limit its utility for drug development, research, and practice, and it needs to be improved.
A. True
B. False
35. The AD Translation Initiative is broadening the range of potential treatments and ______________________ by supporting critical research not traditionally supported by research.
A. Innovative approaches to recovery
B. Effective behavioral interventions
C. Therapeutic targets
D. None of the above
36. An increase in the number and quality of preliminary clinical evaluations of interventions for AD was prompted by The Cognitive Aging Summit of 2007.
A. True
B. False
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