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1. While blacks make up approximately 13% of the US population, in 2005, blacks accounted for __________ of the estimated 37,331 new HIV/AIDS diagnoses in the 33 states with long-term, confidential name-based HIV reporting.
A. 29 percent
B. 39 percent
C. 49 percent
D. 59 percent
2. Each of the following is an accurate statement about HIV risk factors for blacks EXCEPT:
A. Black women are most likely to be infected with H IV as a result of sex with men who are infected with HIV, and they may not be aware of their male partner’s risk factors for HIV infection, such as unprotected sex with multiple partners, bisexuality, or injection drug use
B. A CDC study showed that of participating black males who have sex with males (MSM) and who tested positive for HIV, 55% were unaware of their infection
C. Black MSM are more likely than other MSM not to identify themselves as gay, and this absence of self-identification or the absence of disclosure presents challenges to prevention programs
D. The highest rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are those for blacks, and the presence of certain STDs can increase ones chances of contacting HIV infection 3-to-5 fold
3. In 2005, blacks were about 15 times as likely as whites to have gonorrhea and about 3 times as likely to have syphilis.
A. True
B. False
4. The socioeconomic problems associated with poverty, including limited access to high-quality health care, housing, and HIV prevention education, may directly or indirectly increase the risk factors for HIV infection.
A. True
B. False
5. HIV/AIDS is a growing problem among American Indians and Alaska Natives, as demonstrated by which of the following 2005 statistics?
A. Women accounted for 29% of the HIV/AIDS diagnoses among American Indians and Alaska Natives
B. HIV/AIDS was diagnosed for an estimated 295 American Indians and Alaska Natives representing 2.5% of the total number of HIV/AIDS diagnoses reported for that year
C. The rate (per 100,000 persons) of HIV/AIDS diagnosis for American Indians and Alaska Natives was 15.4, compared with 63.3 for blacks, 36.8 for Hispanics, 9.8 for whites, and 4.4 for Asians and Pacific Islanders
D. All of the above
6. High rates of Chlamydia trachomatis infectio, gonorrhea, and syphilis among American Indians and Alaska Natives suggest that the sexual behaviors that facilitate the spread of HIV are relatively common among American Indians and Alaska Natives.
A. True
B. False
7. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about HIV testing for American Indians and Alaska Natives​?
A. Many American Indians and Alaska Natives reside in rural areas and may be less likely to be tested for HIV because of limited access
B. American Indians and Alaska Natives may be less likely to seek testing because of concerns about confidentiality in close-knit communities
C. During 1997-2000, 42% of American Indians and Alaska Natives who responded to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey reported that they had never been tested for HIV
D. In the southwestern United States, 58.1% of the American Indians and Alaska Natives reported never having been tested
8. HIV/AIDS prevention interventions for American Indians and Alaska Natives tend to be more effective if they emphasize general beliefs and cultures rather than individual tribal practices.
A. True
B. False
9. In 2005, the rate of AIDS diagnosis by race/ethnicity was lowest for Asians and Pacific Islanders (3.6 per 100,000 population), compared with 54.1 per 100,000 for blacks, 18.0 per 100,000 for Hispanics, 7.4 for American Indians and Alaska Natives, and 5.9 per 100,000 for whites.
A. True
B. False
10. Which of the following is an accurate statement about substance abuse and HIV/AIDS among Asian and Pacific Islander populations?
A. According to a study of Filipino American cocaine users in the San Francisco Bay Area, cocaine use was strongly associated with behavioral risk factors for HIV infection, including infrequent condom use, commercial sex activity, and low rates of HIV testing
B. Research showed that the use of drugs or alcohol was associated with unprotected anal intercourse
C. In a study of young Asian and Pacific Islander MSM, more than 65% used “party drugs†such as ecstasy, inhaled nitrates, hallucinogens, crack, and amphetamines
D. None of the above
11. In 2004, 44% of Asians and Pacific Islanders received an AIDS diagnosis within 1 year after their HIV infection was diagnosed, which indicated that the diagnosis of HIV infections is made later in the course of disease for these populations than for any other ethnic group.
A. True
B. False
12. Studies indicate that for Hispanic/Latino men living with HIV/AIDS, the most common methods of HIV transmission were, in order:
A. Sexual contact with other men, injection drug use, and high-risk heterosexual contact
B. Injection drug use, sexual contact with other men, , and high-risk heterosexual contact
C. Sexual contact with other men, high-risk heterosexual contact, and injection drug use
D. None of the above
13. Which of the following is an accurate statement about how cultural, socioeconomic, and health-related factors contribute to the HIV epidemic and prevention challenges in the US Hispanic/Latino community?
A. Behavioral risk factors for HIV infection differ by country of birth and data suggest that Hispanics/Latinos born in Puerto Rico are more likely than other Hispanics/Latinos to contract HIV as a result of sexual contact with other men
B. Greater acculturation into the US culture generally has positive effects on the health behaviors of Hispanics/Latinos, as they are more likely to communicate with partners about practicing safer sex
C. Hispanic/Latina women and Hispanic/Latino men are most likely to be infected with HIV as a result of sex with men, so condom usage is should be a very important part of prevention programs
D. The rates of sexually transmitted diseases, which can increase the chances of contracting HIV, are higher for Hispanics/Latinos, and in 2006, the rate of chlamydia infection for Hispanics/Latinos was about 4 times the rate for whites
14. While machismo may have positive implications for HIV prevention, such as strength and protection of the family, proving masculinity through power and dominance can lead both straight and gay Hispanic/Latino men to engage in risky sexual behavior.
A. True
B. False
15. Social structure and ____________ among transient Hispanic/Latino immigrants can affect awareness and hinder access to HIV/AIDS prevention and care.
A. Migration patterns
B. Language barriers
C. Lack of regular health care
D. All of the above
16. Although the number of HIV diagnoses for MSM increased during the 1980s and 1990s, recent surveillance data show a decrease in HIV diagnoses for this group.
A. True
B. False
17. Each of the following is an accurate statement about risk factors for HIV infections in men having sex with men EXCEPT:
A. STDs increase the risk for HIV infection and the proportion of gonorrhea-positive test results among MSM increased from 6% in 1988 to 15.2% in 2004
B. Substance use can increase the risk for HIV transmission through the tendency toward risky sexual behaviors while under the influence and through sharing needles or other injection equipment
C. There continues to be evidence of an underestimation of HIV risk, and optimism about HIV treatments is associated with a greater willingness to have unprotected anal intercourse
D. During the past decade, the Internet has created new opportunities for MSM to meet sex partners, and may also normalize certain risky behaviors
18. A study of MSM found that older men with large numbers of sex partners, young men who used “party†drugs, and older men who used nitrate inhalants were most likely to contract HIV.
A. True
B. False
19. One review found that among MSM men who received an HIV prevention intervention, the proportion who engaged in unprotected sex decreased, on average, 16%.
A. True
B. False
20. The number of persons aged 50 years and older living with HIV/AIDS has been increasing in recent years, partly due to therapies which have enabled HIV-infected persons to live longer, and partly due to newly diagnosed infections in persons over the age of 50.
A. True
B. False
21. HIV risk factors for persons aged 50 and over may include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Older women may be at greater risk for HIV infection because age-related vaginal thinning and dryness can cause tears in the vaginal area
B. Some older persons inject drugs or smoke crack cocaine, and HIV transmission through injection drug use accounts for more than 24% of AIDS cases among persons aged 50 and older
C. Some older persons may be less knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS and therefore less likely to use condoms, and to get tested for HIV
D. Health care professionals may underestimate their older patients’ risk for HIV/AIDS and thus may miss opportunities to deliver prevention messages, offer HIV testing, or make an early diagnosis
22. Physicians may miss a diagnosis of AIDS with older adults because some symptoms, such as fatigue, weight loss, and mental confusion, can mimic those of normal aging.
A. True
B. False
23. While early in the epidemic, HIV infection and AIDS were diagnosed for relatively few women and female adolescents, today women account for more than one third of all new HIV/AIDS diagnoses.
A. True
B. False
24. Which of the following is an accurate statement about women and the HIV/AIDS epidemic as of 2005?
A. In 2004, HIV infection was the leading cause of death for black women aged 35-44
B. According to a CDC study of more than 19,500 patients with HIV in 10 US cities, women were slightly more likely than men to receive prescriptions for the most effective treatments for HIV infection
C. In 2005, an estimated 4,128 women with AIDS died, representing 25% of the 16,316 persons with AIDS who died in the 50 states and the District of Columbia
D. Of the 126,964 women living with HIV/AIDS, 61% were black, 19% were white, 18% were Hispanic, 1% were Asian or Pacific Islander, and less than 1% were American Indian or Alaska Native
25. To further reduce the incidence of HIV infection, CDC announced a new initiative known as Advancing HIV Prevention in 2003, which included all of the following strategies EXCEPT:
A. Making HIV testing a routine part of medical care
B. Implementing new models for diagnosing HIV infections outside medical settings
C. Further decreasing perinatal HIV transmission
D. Implementing research on interventions to reduce HIV-related risk behaviors or their outcomes
26. To date, there are no confirmed cases of female-to-female sexual transmission of HIV in the United States database, and through 2004, of the 534 HIV infected women who were reported to have had sex only with women, 91% also had another risk factor, typically injection drug use.
A. True
B. False
27. It is important that health care providers remember that sexual identity does not necessarily predict behavior, and that some women who identify themselves as women who have sex with women or lesbian may still be at risk for HIV infection through unprotected sex with men.
A. True
B. False
28. Each of the following are accurate statements about HIV/AIDS among young people in the United States as of 2004 EXCEPT:
A. An estimated 4,883 young people received a diagnosis of HIV infection or AIDS in 2004, representing about 13% of the persons given a diagnosis during that year
B. African Americans were disproportionately affected by HIV infection, accounting for 45% of HIV infections reported among persons age 13-24
C. Since the beginning of the epidemic, an estimated 40,059 young people in the United States had received a diagnosis of AIDS, and an estimated 10,129 young people with AIDS had died
D. An estimated 7,761 young people were living with AIDS, a 42% increase since 2000, when 5,457 young people were living with AIDS
29. According to a CDC study of 5,589 MSM aged 15-22, 48% did not let other people know they were sexually attracted to men, and were therefore less likely to seek HIV testing.
A. True
B. False
30. Research has shown that a large proportion of young people are not concerned about becoming infected with HIV, which reinforces the need for accurate, age-appropriate information about HIV infection and AIDS.
A. True
B. False
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